This book has been conceptualized to promote understanding of ecology?s basic principles and concepts rather than memorization of details. Sincere efforts have been made to support textual explanations with the help of flow charts, figures, tables to make learning easy and convincing. We have also focused on improving and updating the artwork in the text. This book has been written primarily for readers beginning their study of ecological sciences at the college level, but the book will also serve as a source of information for those who study is more advanced and for those engaged in the practice of ecological science as a profession. Features ? Emphasis on fundamentals and principles with expanded coverage of critical topics. Facilitation of quick and easy comprehension of the subject matter.