Newer intellectual challenges for process biotechnology (PB) have emerged with impressive recent progress of gene-concerned and nano-systemic biosystems and the parallel developments in the related instruments/equipment/machines for analytical methodologies. These progresses have convinced universities/institutes and affiliated colleges that biotechnology (BT)/PB is one of the key areas for R&D and education in biochemical engineering/chemical engineering and their related interdisciplinary higher education areas for human resource development (HRD). This book has the following unique features: Integration of academic and practical bioprocessing principles towards process biotechnology development. Research generated data never before published in a single collated text. Detailed aspects of oxygen mass transfer in biological systems. Ways to control undesirable microorganisms. Provides scope for progressive development in scale up of industrial bioprocessing system. Systematic design engineering calculations of bioprocessing systems. PCR instrumental analysis: theory, engineering and technology. Heat and mass transfer concerns in rDNA bioreactors. Innovative microbial microfermentation equipment and aspect. Nanosystemic PB concerns in bioelectricity generation in biofuel cell. Nanosight instrument and use in analytical biosystems. Enhancing scopes of BTBE in PB and education. Abundance of illustrative tables, figures and mathematical relations. Numerous mathematical problems and multiple choice questions.