Targeted drug delivery systems revolutionize the efficacy of pharmaceutical interventions by precisely delivering medications to specific sites in the body. Employing various methods like nanoparticles, liposomes, and monoclonal antibodies, these systems ensure accurate drug localization while minimizing off-target effects. Techniques such as pulmonary drug delivery systems further enhance treatment options, offering specialized administration routes like aerosols for respiratory conditions. Nucleic acid-based therapeutic delivery systems, including gene therapy and antisense molecules, represent cutting-edge approaches poised to transform the treatment landscape for inherited disorders and cancer, promising a future where precision medicine is the norm.