recognition at the start 1. introductory paragraph 2. Economically underdeveloped countries 3. Early paradigms in development ideas and beliefs 4. Ideas for postwar development 5. Development economics in the context of a dual economy 6. Some macroeconomic models of development based on industry-agriculture interactions 7. Agriculture Structure in Least Developed Countries Population growth and economic development 9. The roles of the market and the government in economic growth 10. The capabilities approach to development and development management as a new paradigm in development economics 11. Inequality, poverty, and growth 12th. Environment, resources, and long-term development 13. Early paradigm challenges in the open economy 14 Bibliography of open economy issues: globalisation.