Physical geography deals with the spatial and temporal characteristics and relationships of all phenomena within the physical environment of the earth. A systematic study of physical geography is of immense help in understanding the numerous environmental challenges of the contemporary period. Earth is a place of great physical and cultural diversity, yet people know little about it. The book is aimed to explain the spatial dimensions of the earth???s natural systems and their processes. Based on the latest UPSC syllabus, the chapters of this throughly revised and updated fourth edition of this bestselling introductory text book have been organised in a logical sequence well suited to the curriculum of established physical geography courses. The text includes many special features that are intended to enhance and clarify students??? understanding and mastery of the material. Throughout, the scientific ideas and processes are explained in a simple manner supported by a range of illustrative material including maps, diagrams and photographs. The book will also be useful for teachers, and for those having interest in knowing more about the physical aspects and the processes responsible for various orders of the earth.