Plant biotechnology has emerged as an exciting area of plant sciences by creating unprecedented opportunities for manipulation of biological systems. This book has been written to meet the needs of students for biotechnology courses at various levels of undergraduate and graduate programs and has been broadly categorized in four parts (I?IV). Part I covers all the important aspects of plant tissue culture, viz. nutrition media, micropropagation, organ culture, cell suspension culture, haploid culture, protoplast isolation and fusion, secondary metabolite production, somaclonal variation and cryopreservation. Part II covers chapters on genetic material, organization of DNA in the genome and basic techniques involved for understanding of recombinant DNA technology. Part III deals with different aspects on rDNA technology which covers gene cloning, isolation of plant genes, transposons and gene tagging, in vitro mutagenesis, PCR, molecular markers and marker assisted selection, gene transfer methods, chloroplast and mitochondrion DNA transformation, genomics and bioinformatics. Genomics explores functional and structural genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, sequencing status of different organisms and DNA chip technology. Application of biotechnology has been discussed as transgenics in crop improvement and impact of recombinant DNA technology mainly in relation to biotech crops. A chapter on biosafety concerns, regulatory framework and issues and controversies arisen at different times on biosafety have been given. Various forms of intellectual properties, plant breeders rights, biodiversity and some examples of patents, which generated a lot of debate have also been discussed in a chapter on intellectual property rights.