Sports and exercise science, sports medicine, or exercise physiology is a field of study that examines how sport and physical activity, from a cellular to a whole-body perspective, promotes health and performance. The fields of physiology (exercise physiology), psychology (sport psychology), anatomy, biomechanics, biochemistry, and biokinetics are generally included in the study of sports science. The need for and employment of sports scientists and performance consultants are rising in tandem with the sporting world's increased emphasis on attaining the greatest results. Researchers now have a better grasp of how the human body responds to exercise, training, various surroundings, and a variety of other stimuli thanks to the study of science and sport. Ancient Greece is where sports science first emerged. The well-known Greek physician Galen (131-201) wrote 87 detailed essays about improving health (proper nutrition), aerobic fitness, and strengthening muscles. Assyrian Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated Galen's work, along with that of Hippocrates, into Arabic which led to the spread of Greek physiology throughout the Middle East and Europe. Between 776 BC to 393 AD, the ancient Greek physicians planned the training regimens and diets of the Olympic competitors. New ideas upon the working and functioning of the human body emerged during the renaissance as anatomists and physicians challenged the previously known theories. These spread with the implementation of the printed word, the result of Gutenberg',printing press in the 15th century. Allied with this was a large increase in academia in general, universities were forming all.